By University of Birmingham issued on 10th August 2022
Children fathered by United Nations Peacekeepers in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) grow up in deepened poverty, and with a poorer sense of self, according to research led by the University of Birmingham.
Research led by the University of Birmingham, and published in Human Rights Review, Conflict and Health and other academic journals show that these children’s lack of knowledge about their fathers has a significant effect on their social identity and self-conception, often leading to neglect and exclusion. The work was also the topic of a feature in The Conversation.
Sexual misconduct during United Nations Peacekeeping has been reported since the 1990s when peace support operations increased rapidly. Although mechanisms and policies were put in place to prevent misconduct, it has become recognised as a systemic problem and every UN mission has been associated with allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse.
Children conceived as a result of this abuse have been acknowledged as a consequence of peacekeeping since 2007, yet there has been little research into the issue.
In the DRC, researchers carried out interviews with 35 children fathered by UN Peacekeepers, aged between six and 19 years old. Approaches included family drawing tasks for younger children and detailed questionnaires for adolescents.
The team found that, although all the children interviewed were aware of their parental heritage, most of them had not spent time with their fathers and were not in contact with them or supported financially by them. The majority of the children lived in poverty, and around a third no longer lived with their mothers due to maternal death or child abandonment.
Kirstin Wagner, who worked on the research, said: “The DRC remains one of the poorest and most conflict-ridden countries in the world. The duration and size of the peacekeeping mission there suggests there are significant numbers of children born as a result of sexual abuse.
“By better understanding the motivations and attitudes of these children, we pave the way for projects that can improve their opportunities, coping mechanisms and life circumstances.”
The work in DRC reveals that UN babies were conceived in a wide range of sexual relations, from rape and precarious “survival sex” (sex granted in return for food and protection) to dating and longer-term relationships. Most mothers described the context of their children’s conception as “transactional”, centred around the exchange of food, money, clothing or other items in return for sex.
Mothers largely reported that there were no accessible and worthwhile complaint pathways for victims. The lack of prosecution and effective legal responses to offences demonstrates that peacekeepers can not only get away with sexual misconduct, they can father and abandon children without facing consequences.
Key findings in the report included:
- Frustration about lack of material support from fathers and a conviction that their poverty was directly linked to their fathers’ absence.
- Feeling of being deprived of a paternal relationship, and missing out on social/emotional support and educational opportunity.
- Struggles with uncertainty around lineage and ethnicity.
- Tension in maternal relationship including lengthy periods of separation or even abandonment as mothers face stigma and rejection by their families.
- A tendency towards wishful thinking in desiring to be reunited with fathers in an idealised relationship
- A desire for affection, safety and happiness.
“Many of the children we interviewed prioritised finding these absent fathers and saw that connection as a way to end their poverty and uncertainty. They wanted an explanation for their abandonment, as well as an improvement in their material circumstances,” said Dr Wagner.
ENDS
Wagner et al (2022). “Presence of the Absent Father: Perceptions of Family among Peacekeeper-Fathered Children in the Democratic Republic of Congo” Journal of Child and Family Studies; Wagner et al (2022). “UNsupported: The Needs and Rights of Children Fathered by UN Peacekeepers in the Democratic Republic of Congo” Human Rights Review; Wagner et al (2022). “If I was with my father such discrimination wouldn’t exist, I could be happy like other people”: a qualitative analysis of stigma among peacekeeper fathered children in the Democratic Republic of Congo“, Conflict and Health.
